How Many Slaves Were Taken from Africa

Information on how many slaves were shipped from Africa across the Atlantic to the Americas during the sixteenth century can only be estimated as few records exist for this period. However,  from the seventeenth century onwards, increasingly accurate records, such as ship manifests, are available. The First Trans-Atlantic Slaves   At the beginning of the 1600s, slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were sourced in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. This region had had a long history of providing slaves for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting slaves. The focus of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade moved to here and neighboring northern Angola (grouped together on this  table). Kongo and Angola would continue to be substantial exporters of slaves until the nineteenth century. Senegambia would provide a steady trickle of slaves through the centuries, but never on the same scale as the other regions of Africa. Rapid Expansion From the 1670s the Slave Coast (Bight of Benin) underwent a rapid expansion of trade in slaves which continued until the end of the slave trade in the nineteenth century. Gold Coast slave exports rose sharply in the eighteenth century but dropped markedly when Britain abolished slavery in 1808 and commenced anti-slavery patrols along the coast. The Bight of Biafra, centered on the Niger Delta and the Cross River, became a significant exporter of slaves from the 1740s and, along with its neighbor the Bight of Benin, dominated the Trans-Atlantic slave trade until its effective end in the mid-nineteenth century. These two regions alone account for two-thirds of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in the first half of the 1800s. The Slave Trade Declines The scale of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade declined during the Napoleonic wars in Europe (1799 to 1815) but quickly rebounded once peace returned. Britain abolished slavery in 1808 and British patrols effectively ended the trade in slaves along the Gold Coast and up to Senegambia. When the port of Lagos was taken by the British in 1840, the slave trade from the Bight of Benin also collapsed. The slave trade from the Bight of Biafra gradually declined in the nineteenth century, partially as a result of British patrols and a reduction in demand for slaves from America, but also because of local shortages of slaves. To fulfill the demand for slaves, the significant tribes in the region (such and the Luba, Lunda, and Kazanje) turned on each other using the Cokwe (hunters from further inland) as mercenaries. Slaves were created as a result of raids. The Cokwe, however, became dependent on this new form of employment and turned on their employers when the coastal slave trade evaporated. The increased activities of British anti-slavery patrols along the west-African coast resulted in a brief upturn in trade from west-central and south-east Africa as increasingly desperate Trans-Atlantic slave ships visited ports under Portuguese protection. The authorities there were inclined to look the other way. With a general abolition of slavery in effect by the end of the nineteenth century, Africa started to be seen as a different resource--instead of slaves, the continent was being eyed up for its land and minerals. The scramble for Africa was on, and its people would be coerced into employment in mines and on plantations. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Data The greatest raw-data resource for those investigating the Trans-Atlantic slave trade is the WEB du Bois database. However, its scope is restricted to trade destined for the Americas and ignores those sent to African plantation islands and Europe.

The Brain That Changes Itself - 1564 Words

The Brain that Changes Itself The concept of neuroplasticity has long been questioned. The term of â€Å"neuroplasticity† did not even come about until the mid-late 20th century. When the term â€Å"plastic† was used to describe the brain by a select few neuroscientists, they were laughed at and the term was never thought of as a description for the human brain. The human brain was seen as a closed circuit and one that once you had it, you definitely had it. Scientists thought the brain would not develop anymore past a certain point in your life. Norman Doidge brings the concept of neuroplasticity into reality in his book â€Å"The Brain that Changes Itself,† a book about the triumphs in the frontier of brain science. Doidge takes the reader by the hand and lets them know that the brain can and will change throughout life. Contrary to what scientists were first led to believe, the brain began to slowly decline after childhood, Doidge gave everyone new hope. He fo und that the human brain had the remarkable power to grow, transform, overcome disabilities, learn, and recuperate. Learning how the brain can work is quite fascinating and truly pulls you in from the very first sentence. It gives people hope that things can get better, from the youngest to the oldest, from the stroke victim who can no longer communicate to the person who was born with a brain idiosyncrasy. Exercise and understanding has crushed the theory humankind had about the brain being localized and specialized. InShow MoreRelatedThe Brain That Changes Itself : Stories Of Personal Triumph From The Frontiers Of Brain Science1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe book The Brain that Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science, written by Dr. Norman Doidge, provides different intimate experiences from people that received help through neuroplasticity exercises. Each story describes how the brain is able to readjust itself. Brain plasticity can physical ly modify the brain by uncovering rewarding and tragic experiences. Changes in the brain can also occur as we age. Throughout the reading I learned several knowledgeableRead MoreJohn Heil s Philosophy Of Mind : A Guide And Anthology1123 Words   |  5 Pages(2004), John Heil offers the following conclusion as one that is â€Å"inescapable: the mind could not itself be a material object.† John Heil claims that, because the qualities of experience are not within the brain, minds are non-material entities. Non-material entities in the sense that the mind, the non-material entity, possesses â€Å"properties not possessed by any material object† and, as such, uses the brain as its intermediary in regards to action and experience. 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Finally, the working environment can both motivate or stifle creative output. Managers can influence all three components: expertise, thinking skills, and motivation (Amabile, 1998). COGNITION: The brain is highly trainable LackRead MorePersonal Identity : The Black Rose Killer988 Words   |  4 Pagesperson who would be a perfect applicant for theory of personal identity. According to Mark Rowland’s soul theory, each one of us is essentially a soul and this soul is stuck with us in our body forever until we die. The soul does not change. No matter how we change as a person, the soul will always be the same and that’s how a person is different from another person because everyone has a unique soul. The soul theory has a lot to do with dualism and it creates problems. Even if we get through theseRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pageshas, and the way their brain responds to a stressful situation. Some of the most common ways one may get PTSD is by a traumatic or life threating event occurring during their life. PTSD can effects a person psychologically, this can vary from rape to war/ military, natural disasters to the death of a loved one, or an e xperience that was shocking, scary, or from a dangerous event which provoked the feeling of helplessness or intense fear. Neurological Effects of the Brain The psychological effectsRead MoreEssay On Atjus1506 Words   |  7 Pagesslowly eat away at all of the muscles in your body, will leave your mind intact, leaving you as a ghost in a shell. CTE affects the functionality of your brain itself unlike ALS. There are no found cures yet to these diseases, but researchers are finding more and more ways that said diseases may be prevented. A concussion is when your brain itself is shaken hard enough it will smash against the inner walls of your skull. New measures to ensure the safety and future health of athletes like new and improved

Improving Firm Environmental Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Improving Firm Environmental Performance. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship is termed as a vital economic agent that plays a significant role in the development of an economy of a particular country (Naud, 2013). An entrepreneur is an individual who is believed to have certain qualities like knowledge, expertise, initiatives, skills and urge to innovate some new things (Drucker, 2014). An entrepreneur seems to look for new opportunities to achieve economic benefits. Many economists feel that entrepreneurship is force that causes creative destruction. Entrepreneurship helps in the economic growth as well as provide employment to a a lot of people (Benera, Berik and Floro, 2015). Entrepreneurship marketing has been increasing at a rapid pace. Evidence suggests that there is a significant relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing for the success of a corporate enterprise. Entrepreneurial marketing is quite different from the traditional marketing activities. On the other hand, the significance of marketing planning has been immense th at provides a new direction to corporate planning and marketing management. Entrepreneurship is having positive as well as negative effects. It becomes difficult for many entrepreneurs to accept the ways of doing things of a company and a good working atmosphere is not created. The three negative traits of entrepreneurship are need for control, sense of distrust and desire for applause. There is a need for control for the entrepreneurs and this has been very significant in their life. In many situations, the preoccupation of the entrepreneurs often affects their abilities to take any specific direction and face serious problems in to get along with others. Many entrepreneurs tend to be ambivalent when a problem regarding control arises (Hallen and Pahnke, 2016). This is because they are highly filled with fantasies of grandiosity, authority, power and influence. Still they have the feeling of helplessness. They are also afraid of the fact that they will lose control of their grandiose desire and this will place them in a position of mercy from others. Some studies have revealed that the entrepreneurs also have the the problems of dominance as well as submission and they even have the suspicion of authority. This is surely not in contrast with the behaviors and traits of a manager. While many managers are able to identify many things in positive ways, many of the entrepreneurs have the problems of flexibility in changing from a higher level to a subordinate level. Instead, they feel that the structure may be stifling. Entrepreneurs also have the problems of working with others in some structured situations unless they have not created the situation and the work has been performed with respect to their terms. This is another common negative trait found in the entrepreneurs. Need for control is closely related to the sense of distrust. Many entrepreneurs have a strong sense of distrust of the people around them (Praszkier, Zab?ocka-Bursa and Jzwik, 2014). They always have the fear of being victimized in the office or in other places. They strongly feel that when they get the success, this becomes envious to others. When a strong sense of distrust takes over with the help of a need for control, there have been very serious consequences for the enterprise. The entrepreneurs have always tried to keep their focus on specific troubled areas and and ignoring others (Byrne and Shepherd, 2015). They are alert every time about any untoward incidents to be happened in the workplace. For example, the vice-president of a company decided to install cameras in the front as well as in the backdoor as he was having the fear that the workers in the company were stealing from the plant. This is an act of di strust on the part of the manager. People always have the desire of getting applause for the work done by them (Block, 2016). It is the same for the managers and the entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs, thus, have a great amount of tension about the thought that their success will not last long (Ward, 2016). Some entrepreneurs try to show that they need not be ignored and also show their power and prestige. The case study showed that Nick Woodman was very much disciplined and focused in his life and achieved success for his company GoPro. He had always been on a strict routine and a brave boy according to his teachers. Woodman was never afraid of taking up challenges and was always a positive minded person. This is certainly not in-born and depends on the thoughts of an individual. Marketing and Strategic Planning GoPro has become a popular and the fastest growing digital imaging company in the world due to its effective marketing strategy. Kids, these days have stopped filming their wave rides rather they have chosen to GoPro them. Thus the popularity of GoPro cameras have increased among the customers. The cameras were so much user-friendly that they used to strap them in their helmets, surfboards and handlebars. Woodman developed the cameras in such a way so that every section of the society gets benefitted out of it. Woodman also named the cameras as life cameras during promotion and even proved it by wearing it on his chest when his sons were delivered. The strategy of marketing of Woodman was such that many people including himself were involved in wave surfing but none of them could be able to record their whole journey. Woodman addressed this need and brought the GoPro in the market, which has been greatly accepted by the people. No other company earlier has manufactured this type of p roduct. GoPro also transformed itself from a company of niche products to blockbuster ones. This has been explained by the friendliness of Woodman with the social sites. Woodman was not so much active in Facebook as well as in the Twitter. Yet he felt the importance of the social media in the marketing of products and services. The social media marketing is termed as a fad which is very powerful though temporary in nature. Social media marketing has many competitive advantages which are discussed below. Social media acts as a good and popular platform for displaying the contents of the product and services of the company (Laroche, Habibi and Richard, 2013). It makes easier for the customers to access everything they want to know about a particular product. A customer gets acquainted with a particular brand after reading reviews in the websites (Brodie, Hollebeek and Conduit, 2016). For example, Twitter helps in getting acquainted with a brand. It is strongly believed that the brands that remains engaged on the social media channels have a high degree of brand loyalty on the part of the customers (Zhang et al. 2017). A strategic plan regarding social media marketing helps a company in increasing the brand loyalty largely than any other platform (Peppers and Rogers, 2016). More opportunities to convert There is always a chance of conversion of customers whenever a company make any posts in the social media (Tuten and Solomon, 2014). Each and every post, video, blog, or comment a person is sharing has a huge impact on the minds of the customers. Though the click-through rates of the customers are low, the opportunities that the companies have are significant. Communication plays a very vital role in any type of business. Positive engagement helps to improve improve the reputation of an organization (Dangelico, 2015). Woodman spent a lot of money to make sure that the name of the company is hash tagged. Planning is very important among the functions of management. Planning has provided a direction as to how the mission and goals of the company can be achieved. Planning helps to achieve the sales target of the company as in the case study, the company GoPro has achieved. The GoPro case study states that the company may have the threats from its competitors. Just like smart phones have reduced the need for camcorders, the same way the products of GoPro shall become obsolete. This product of GoPro is believed to be not one-size-fits-all. The biggest issue is that GoPro is a hardware manufacturing company and the world is moving rapidly towards the usage of smart phones. iPhone and Android operating systems have become very popular today. Sony, which is believed to be a strong competitor of GoPro, has started launching products with various features which the products of GoPro do not have. Sony has launched the cameras with features like image stabilization as well as stereo sound. Smart phones have become very popular in todays competitive world. A company, having only one product, cannot survive for long in the market. Sony, which is a main competitor of GoPro, have unveiled cameras with more features and this has affected the sales of GoPro. A company needs to make a huge investment, the problem which Woodman faced and Sony, being a multinational, made huge benefits out of it. Smartphones have several functionalities that helps in the connectivity of the people. Another threat for GoPro was that the company was a private company. If it would have been a public company, then there would have been a chance of public offering. Then, it would have helped in making further investments. Recommendations A product with the same features as that of the competitors cannot give a competitive advantage to a company. A company needs to constantly upgrade its products and services to attain the competitive advantage (Porter and Heppelmann, 2014). Woodman should make process innovation, product innovation, marketing and organizational innovation to attain competitive advantage in the future. As GoPro is a hardware company, Woodman should look into making software products and diversify their market. GoPro may start manufacturing smartphones based on Android and iPhone operating systems. Woodman needs to shift his focus from the wave surfers and create a new target market. GoPro needs to make a big investment and increase their market share. Conclusion The report describes how planning is important in management. It takes into considerations the various traits of entrepreneurship and the negative aspects, which it is having. A detailed description of the three main negative traits gives an idea as why most of the entrepreneurs are not so much confident and often faced with many untoward incidents. The report clearly puts forward the darker side of an entrepreneur. The report has also inferred that entrepreneurship is not an in-born trait and it needs passion, dedication and discipline to become a successful entrepreneur. Another part of marketing and strategic planning has been described in the report. The different aspects of entrepreneurial planning have been introduced in the report and the role of marketing planning for proper corporate planning and marketing management. This report is an evidence as to how a marketing plan need to be made for the success of an organization. The case study can be an inspiration to many new entr epreneurs who have planned or are planning to enter into the business world. This report shall help the entrepreneurs in addressing their negative traits and make necessary rectifications in order to succeed in their business career for the betterment of themselves as well as for the company. References Benera, L., Berik, G. and Floro, M., 2015.Gender, development and globalization: economics as if all people mattered. Routledge. Block, P., 2016.The empowered manager: Positive political skills at work. John Wiley Sons. Brodie, R.J., Hollebeek, L.D. and Conduit, J. eds., 2016.Creating brand engagement on digital, social and mobile media(pp. 85-101). Routledge. Byrne, O. and Shepherd, D.A., 2015. Different strokes for different folks: Entrepreneurial narratives of emotion, cognition, and making sense of business failure.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(2), pp.375-405. Dangelico, R.M., 2015. Improving firm environmental performance and reputation: the role of employee green teams.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(8), pp.735-749. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Hallen, B.L. and Pahnke, E.C., 2016. When do entrepreneurs accurately evaluate venture capital firms track records? A bounded rationality perspective.Academy of Management Journal,59(5), pp.1535-1560. Laroche, M., Habibi, M.R. and Richard, M.O., 2013. To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media?.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), pp.76-82. Naud, W., 2013. Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy.Browser Download This Paper. Peppers, D. and Rogers, M., 2016.Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley Sons. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88. Praszkier, R., Zab?ocka-Bursa, A. and Jzwik, E., 2014. Social Enterprise, Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship in Poland: A National Report. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. Ward, J., 2016.Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer. Zhang, M., Guo, L., Hu, M. and Liu, W., 2017. Influence of customer engagement with company social networks on stickiness: Mediating effect of customer value creation.International Journal of Information Management,37(3), pp.229-240.

The Teaching and Learning Cycle free essay sample

This model is now known as the teaching and learning cycle. The model originally had an emphasis on teaching young students how to write but has changed and adapted over time with greater understanding about pedagogy and genre and now involves reading, listening, talking and writing within a supportive context to students of any age. A key element that has not changed within the cycle, however, is the extensive and critical support that the teacher provides to ensure educational success for students’ understanding of literacy. This essay will examine the teaching and learning cycle in the primary school context. Exploring theories behind the development of the teaching and learning cycle and the purpose of each stage. In addition, an explanation of the importance of teachers as holders of expert knowledge will be given. Finally, examples and justification of specific teaching strategies, including the notion of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development, that the teacher plays within the cycles processes will be explained. We will write a custom essay sample on The Teaching and Learning Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries the popular educational theory was that children should only be taught how to write in the later years of schooling (Christie, F 2005). A common issue that arose from this was children would leave schooling early and the result was that they never developed the skills to write more than simple words like their name or basic words (Christie, F 2005). The initial theories by Graves (Christie, F 2005, p143) were based around a notion of the ‘process’, being able to write, rather than ‘product’, the content and structure of the text being written (Knapp, P amp; Watkins, M 2005). Rothery’s approach was focused on the product notion and more specifically towards genre, and that through guidance of an expert other the student would recognise and produce a written text successfully (Christie, F 2005). The result was the teaching and learning and learning cycle. The ‘cycle’ existed initially in three stages: modelling the genre, joint construction and independent construction. Through adaptation and greater understanding of how students learn the cycle now begins with ‘building the field’. The cycle requires an initial focus that allows the students to become engaged and under this focus begin to build a shared knowledge, ‘building the field’ (Derewianka, B, Jones, P 2012). This stage involves mental and rational processes, usually from a discussion or readings, with directed guidance from the teacher assisting students to become familiar with specific language (Christie, F 2005). The teacher requires specialised knowledge and technical understanding of the topic to ensure the guidance has purposeful interaction and is supporting the child’s development of deep knowledge of the topic (Derewianka, B, Jones, P 2012). The next stage moves onto the teacher modeling the genre. In this stage the teacher leads the students to understand and recognise the social purpose, the organisation of phases and key language features of the whole text, paragraphs and down to sentence level (Derewianka, B, Jones, P 2012). It is essential that teachers have thorough knowledge of the layers of the text and language features, as they heavily guide and direct the students through the components of a text (Thwaite, A 2006). This guidance through the language features enables students to recognise and understand the relevant metalanguage, creating the move into the next step of joint construction. The role of the teacher now shifts more into an assisting manner. Although joint construction is generally still teacher lead the students at this point contribute to a text with the teacher acting as a transcriber (Derewianka, B, Jones, P 2012). Having an understanding of the metalanguage of the genre as fostered in the text modelling stage helps students recognise the language features as the teachers and students jointly construct a written text. The final stage moves into the independent construction of a text by the students. At this stage in the cycle the teacher withdraws from guiding or directing the students and meets with students if they are having trouble (Thwaite, A 2006). The student’s focus now involves independently writing a text similar to one that was previously explored in the other 3 stages but now reflects a different topic and field (Derewianka, B, Jones, P 2012). As explained in the teaching and learning cycles steps, the purpose of the ‘cycle’ is to create a structure to support the process of learning to write and apply genre theory to teaching pedagogy (Thwaite, A 2006). Key scaffolding strategies implemented within the first three stages of the cycle allows students to confidently construct their independent text (Gibbons, P 2009). An important emphasis throughout the cycle is placed on the teacher’s expert knowledge of the topic and related concepts. In addition to this the teacher must have an understanding of the learners zone of proximal development in order to implement the scaffolding process. The basis of the teaching and learning cycle is around scaffolding. Theoretical research by Vygotsky (cited in Hammond, J amp; Gibbons, P 2001) explored the gap between a student’s actual knowledge and potential knowledge, known as the zone of proximal development (Hammond, J amp; Gibbons P 2001). The research indicated that there is a gap in knowledge that requires an expert other, in this case the teacher, to guide and create strategies to bridge understanding to knowledge, known as scaffolding (Hammond, J amp; Gibbons, P 2001). Scaffolding, therefore, refers to the teacher having a strategy to support the learning in a sequential, step-by-step, manner that would enable the students to understand and succeed in a task so the learner can engage within the zone of proximal development (Gibbons, P 2009). Scaffolding can be broken down further, when exploring the role of a teacher, into 2 categories: the macro and micro levels. Macro-level scaffolding requires a teacher to look at the broader issues, like goals and sequencing of processes where the micro level focuses on the relationship between the student and teacher throughout the learning cycle (Hammond, J amp; Gibbons, P 2001). To scaffold the teacher needs to consider a challenging and supportive context at a high level. In other words, high standards promote extension of learning and capabilities. This high level approach is effective when using the teaching and learning cycle to ensure that students are working within a zone of proximal development (Hammond, J amp; Gibbons, P 2001). Building of the field requires the teacher to expand on verbal responses that students offer on the directed context of the topic. For example, Imagine students need to write a report on animal habitats. The teacher could take students on an excursion to a park and start to ask students what animals do they think live their? Then where do they live? Students explain what they now of the field and the teacher introduces specific language that is appropriate to the purpose. The teacher scaffolding the existing knowledge of the student helps to familiarise students with the desired language (Hammond, J 2001). This stage requires time and expert knowledge to assist the scaffolding process. To model the genre the teacher could lead students through a jumbled text of a habitat and re-order it correctly. At this point the teacher will guide the students through the features of the text in focus or break the text down from its paragraph level to the sentence level. Students are supported by the teacher with focused questions and the shift from the spoken to written format now occurs. In the next step, joint construction, students contribute to the construction of a text on a habitat with the teacher helping with specific structural and language choices while writing it on the chalkboard. At this point students see how to construct writing and witness the teacher changing what is suggested to conform to the conventions of the written genre, especially with metalanguage (Derewianka, B amp; Jones, P 2012). The result should be a text similar to that they would soon be writing independently. In the final stage, independent construction, Students would write a report on a habitat of personal choice. Support is given when needed but the teacher is considerably less involved. Through the previous steps of the cycle there has been high scaffolding of the knowledge, students should now have the knowledge to construct a text in the desired genre (Knapp, P amp; Watkins, M 2005). Although the teacher moves more into a facilitation role they could offer students something that was created in the previous stages to reflect upon, such as a retrieval chart or graphic organiser. The teaching and learning cycle is an effective model for the success of teaching literacy in the primary years, as the framework is understood, purpose is made clear and the content is made explicit. The emphasis on the role of the teacher to scaffold information to students so they can work within the zone of proximal development is a vital concept in the application of the teaching and learning cycle. Expert knowledge from the teacher ensures that a student can move from joint learning towards independent learning with success.

Copyright Implications Essays

Copyright Implications Essays Copyright Implications Essay Copyright Implications Essay Copyright Implications IT/236 January 17, 2011 [pic] A web designer or a novice needs to be very careful with copyright laws. The rules consist of five exclusive rights given to copyright owners under the Copyright Act. These laws are created and managed to prevent others from reproducing work or works created and owned by another person. No one can reproduce, publicly display the work, or distribute the work without the owner’s expressed permission. As a result, the web page author or authors need to be careful not to copy the work of others. This issue is so serious that the Internet service provider can be found liable for the copyright infringement even if they are not directly engaged in the copied materials, lawsuits will be implemented, and possible prison time can happen. Images If a web designer decides to obtain an image from the web and alter the image using a drawing or painting program, this will still infringe on the copyright laws. It is best to start from scratch and not alter another image from an original piece of work. Altering an image in this way is called derivative work. Taking an image from third parties is also taboo. Once the original image is fixed on a hard drive for the first time, it is protected by copyright laws. Any unauthorized copying of a protected image is an infringement of the creator’s copyright privilege. The originator can deem the image to be exempted through fair use, though. But unless the originator expresses this, it is not the case. Some licensed images, for example, the Internet Explorer logo may be copied, but the user must accept the terms of license first. In accepting the license, the user is excepting the terms within such license to use the image. The image will most likely not be able to be altered in any way. It can be copied as a link, only to a certain destination, but the web designer needs to be careful not to use it in a different way. He or she needs to follow the license agreement to use the logo with the link. Clip art is often provided with many applications. These images do not fall under the copyright laws as long as the web designer follows the terms in the license of the program. There are free images offered on the Internet. Some websites offer images to be used by others, but there are often stipulations of the use of the image. There are often terms proposed by the image creators. Most likely, the creators of the image want credit to be given to the author, including a link back to the author’s site. But if the image did not originally come from the creator, these images are already infringed upon; therefore they can not be used. Text Text on a website follows the same laws and stipulations as images. If the text is original, the copyright laws will not be infringed upon, but if the text is copied from another party, it will be illegal to display. The only exception is, if the originator gave expressed permission to use the text. Full credit to the author must be given. Another exception of the rule would be if the text was given under an expressed terms, of license agreement. A web designer should never assume a â€Å"free-use work† in a free in a public domain without independent investigations, showing that the work is from the original author. Scripts Developing any kind of scripts is time-consuming and complex, but they also fall under copyright laws. Many programmers and other users have made their scripts and applets available for the public. In this case, use is allowed as long as any requirements set fourth by the programmer are followed. Copyright laws are very complex to understand, but as long as a web designer understands these five rules, the work they create will most likely not violate the Copyright Act. The simple rule of thumb is, create original images, scripts, and text. But if some works need to be copied and used, make sure that full credit is given to the originator. References (1996-2010). Web Site Legal Issues. Bit Law. Retrieved from bitlaw. com/internet/webpage. html   (2001). Web Design That Wont Get You Into Trouble. Computer Libraries. Retrieved from infotoday. com/cilmag/jun01/kennedy. htm

Definition and Examples of Juxtaposition in Art

Definition and Examples of Juxtaposition in Art In the  composition  of any artwork, juxtaposition is the placing of elements side by side, leaving it up to the reader to establish connections and discover or  impose a meaning. These elements (words, clauses, or sentences, in written composition) may be drawn from different sources and juxtaposed to form a literary collage. Careful planning and craft  by the writer in choosing what elements to juxtapose can provide layers of meaning, present irony, or paint a scene with a lot of detail and depth, putting the reader right in the middle of it all. Example From H.L. Mencken Watchmen at lonely railroad crossings in Iowa, hoping that theyll be able to get off to hear the United Brethren evangelist preach...Ticket-sellers in the subway, breathing sweat in its gaseous form...Farmers plowing sterile fields behind sad meditative horses, both suffering from the bites of insects...Grocery-clerks trying to make assignations with soapy servant girls...Women confined for the ninth or tenth time, wondering helplessly what it is all about.(H.L. Mencken, Diligence. A Mencken Chrestomathy, 1949) Example From Samuel Beckett We live and learn, that was a true saying. Also, his teeth and jaws had been in heaven, splinters of vanquished toast spraying forth at each gnash. It was like eating glass. His mouth burned and ached with the exploit. Then the food had been further spiced up by the intelligence, transmitted in a low tragic voice across the counter by Oliver the improver, that the Malahide murderer’s petition for mercy, signed by half the land, having been rejected, the man must swing at dawn in Mountjoy and nothing could save him. Ellis the hangman was even now on his way. Belacqua, tearing at the sandwich and swilling the precious stout, pondered on McCabe in his cell.(Samuel Beckett, Dante and the Lobster. Samuel Beckett: Poems, Short Fiction, and Criticism, ed. by Paul Auster. Grove Press, 2006) Ironic Juxtaposition Juxtaposition is not just for comparison of the similar but also to contrast the dissimilar, which can be effective for emphasizing a writers message or illustrating a concept. Ironic juxtaposition is the fancy term for what happens when two disparate things are placed side by side, each commenting on the other...Olivia Judson, a science writer, uses this technique to tweak our interest in what could be a stultifying subject, the female green spoon worm: The green spoon worm has one of the most extreme size differences known to exist between male and female, the male being 200,000 times smaller than his mate. Her lifespan is a couple of years. His is only a couple of months- and he spends his short life inside her reproductive tract, regurgitating sperm through his mouth to fertilize her eggs. More ignominious still, when he was first discovered, he was thought to be a nasty parasitic infestation.(from Seed magazine) The authors point of view is a sly wink, the humiliation of the minuscule male sea creature serving as an emblem for his crude and increasingly miniaturized human counterpart. The juxtaposition is between worm sex and human sex. (Roy Peter Clark, Writing Tools: 50 Essential Strategies for Every Writer. Little, Brown and Company, 2006) Haiku Of course, the technique is not limited to prose. Poetry can make fine use of it, even in the smallest of works, to present images next to each other to illustrate, portray  meaning, or even surprise or puzzle the reader, such as in  17th- and 18th-century Japanese haiku: Haiku 1Harvest moon:On the bamboo matPine tree shadows.Haiku 2Wooden gate.Lock firmly bolted:Winter moon. ...In each case, there is only an implicit connection between the elements on either side of the colon. Although it is possible to see a causal relation between a harvest moon and pine tree shadows, the lack of explicit connections forces the reader to make an imaginative leap. The connection between a locked wooden gate and a winter moon demands an even greater imaginative effort. In each poem, there is a basic juxtaposition between a natural image and a human one- a harvest moon and a bamboo mat, a bolted gate and a winter moon- which creates a tension between the first and second part.(Martin Montgomery et al., Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2000) Juxtaposition in Art, Video, and Music But juxtaposition isnt confined  to literature. It can be in paintings, such as in surrealists or other abstract artists works: The Surrealist tradition...is united by the idea of destroying conventional meanings, and creating new meanings or counter-meanings through radical juxtaposition (the collage principle). Beauty, in the words of Lautrà ©amont, is the fortuitous encounter of a sewing machine and an umbrella on a dissecting table....The Surrealist sensibility aims to shock, through its techniques of radical juxtaposition. (Susan Sontag, Happenings: An Art of Radical Juxtaposition. Against Interpretation, and Other Essays. Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1966) It can appear in pop culture, such as in films and video: Pressed to its limits, artistic  juxtaposition  becomes  what is sometimes termed  pastiche. The goal of this tactic, which has been employed in both high-culture and pop-culture contexts (e.g., MTV videos), is to barrage the viewer with incongruous, even clashing images that call into question any sense of objective meaning. (Stanley James Grenz, A Primer on Postmodernism. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1996) And juxtaposition  can be a part of music as well:  Another model for such work, and related to hypertext because of its ability to interconnect a wide variety of ideas and texts, are the DJ samples that comprise a great deal of hip-hop. (Jeff R. Rice, The Rhetoric of Cool: Composition Studies and New Media. Southern Illinois University Press, 2007)

The barriers of using technologies in primary public schools in Research Proposal

The barriers of using technologies in primary public schools in devolving countries - Research Proposal Example Video or audio files facilitate the process of new information processing and memorization by pupils. Pupils’ skills and opportunities to master their abilities of having a technologically savvy mind will improve their living conditions and standards of living from their childhood. Teachers are aware of these opportunities, but the governments of the developing countries are always looking for improvements at other levels often paying neglect for education advancement. Development of technologies in the developing countries is a challenging task. The government of Saudi Arabia is often focused on their interest and concerns, but is often neglectful for the teacher’s interests (Saudi Arabia, 2006-2007). There is an evident shift of accents in the field of education. The quality of life of people living in the developing countries is deteriorating. Many efforts are made by the local governments to advance quality of life of people in the developing countries. Unfortunately, the governments do not pay a proper attention to the role of technologies in education. Low levels of life, health of people and high level of mortality often stay above the necessity of education advancement (Achievement of the Development Plans and Facts, 2008). Under conditions of technological revolution and the democratization of ideas the relationship between developed and developing countries are facilitated and improved. Saudi Arabia is on the way to globalization and it must make efficient changes and improvements starting from education in schools. To overcome a widening gap between developed and developing countries technological improvements should be introduced in different spheres of human activities (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Education, 2005). Thus, educational institutions should assist technological developments and promotion of necessary technological skills. The earlier this process starts, the

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human resources management - Essay Example Justification regarding such statement can be provided by taking consideration of the types of employee engagement and employee health check-up programs conducted by HSBC on the periodic basis. In addition, in order to promote and nondiscriminatory workplace environment, the organizations need to be committed to developing a workplace culture wherein every individual is treated equally without any discrimination, Besides, managers within the workplace need to be trained in such as manner who are capable of resolving any workplace challenges without any biases or favouritism. In addition, it should incorporate minimum salary structure that would be provided to the employees within the organization irrespective of nationality and cultural background. The above-mentioned facts have been highly effective in context to elaborating the initiatives undertaken by HSBC Holding plc towards ensuring its workforce development and welfare. Throughout the discussion, multiple facts have been provi ded that illustrates how this multinational financial organization manages its employees and workplace diversity. Within the discussion, the specific amount of focus has been provided upon the implementation of varied HRM theories that projects the reflection of a diversified workforce within this brand. In a contradictory manner, certain discrepancies in context to supporting the supporting the small and medium sized business processes within the UK that have been categorized as a major weakness of the organization.

The Four Natural Physical Spheres Essay Example for Free

The Four Natural Physical Spheres Essay Lithosphere (litho is Greek of stone) The solid, inorganic portion of Earth, comprising the rock of Earths crust as well as the broken and unconsolidated particles of mineral matter that overlie the solid bedrock. The surface is shaped into an almost infinite variety of landforms, both on the seafloors and on the surfaces of the continents and islands. Atmosphere (atmo is Greek of air) The gaseous envelope of air that surrounds Earth. It contains the complex mixture of gases needed to sustain life. Most of this adheres closely to Earths surface, being densest at sea level and rapidly thinning with increased altitude. It is a very dynamic sphere, kept in almost constant motion by solar energy and Earths rotation. Hydrosphere (hydro is Greek for water) Comprises water in all its forms. The oceans contain the vast majority of the water found on Earth and are the moisture source for most precipitation. Biosphere (bio is Greek for life) Encompasses all the parts of Earth where living organisms can exist; in its broadest and loosest sense, the term also includes the vast variety of earthly life forms (properly referred to as biota).

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery :: The Lottery by Shirley Jackson

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why would a civilized and peaceful town would ever suggest the horrifying acts of violence can take place anywhere at anytime and the most ordinary people can commit them. Jackson's fiction is noted for exploring incongruities in everyday life, and â€Å"The Lottery†, perhaps her most exemplary work in this respect, examines humanity's capacity for evil within a contemporary, familiar, American setting. Noting that the story’s characters, physical environment, and even its climactic action lacks significant individuating detail, most critics view â€Å"The Lottery.† As a modern-day parable or fable, which obliquely addresses a variety of themes, including the dark side of human nature, the danger of ritualized behavior, and the potential for cruelty when the individual submits to the mass will. Shirley Jackson also addresses cruelty by the citizen’s refusal to stand up and oppose â€Å"The Lottery.† Violence and cruelty is a majo r theme in â€Å"The Lottery.† The theme in â€Å"The Lottery† is violence and cruelty. Violence and cruelty is a major theme because there is a lot of violence and cruelty in the world. The Lottery has been read as addressing such issues as the public's fascination with salacious and scandalizing journalism, McCarthyism, and the complicity of the general public in the victimization of minority groups, epitomized by the Holocaust of World War II. The Holocaust was very cruel and violent cause other people didn’t like certain people so they just kill them and their children and still now we have violence and cruelty with wars and people that hate each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the morning of June 27 of a recent year, the 300 villagers of an American village prepare for the annual lottery in a mood of excitement. The horrible tradition of the lottery is so old that some of its ritual has been forgotten and some has been changed. Its basic purpose is entirely unremembered, but residents are present to take part in it. The children in the village created a â€Å"great pile of stones† in one corner of the stoning square. The civic-minded Mr. Summers has been sworn in and then he hands a piece of paper to the head of each family. When it is discovered the Hutchinson family has drawn the marked slip, each member of the family Bill, Tessie, and the children is given another slip. Silence prevails as suspense hovers over the proceedings. After helplessly protesting the unfairness of the first drawing, Tessie finds that she holds the marked slip.

Gap in Gender Pay Essay

INTRODUCTION: Although women are steadily making their mark in the business world and heading major corporations, the question remains, are they still earning less than their male counterparts? Throughout time there has been a definite difference between men and women and their median income. This wage gap cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. However, in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was signed making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. There may be many reasons for this gap in salaries; most of them may not be necessarily based on gender. The following research will investigate what causes the gap in earnings, if any, and examines various factors that may have an effect on the earnings of men and women. I. RESEARCH PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not women who are working the same types of jobs, with the same amount of education and experience are being compensated the same as men. Although women have made a significant pace in entering the workforce and in exploring a wider range of occupations, they may still be treading behind in wages earned compared to their male counterparts. Many years ago, it was thought that because women were not as well educated as men, did not have as much experience as men, and did not work as hard as men that the range of pay should not be the same. This is no longer true and women have been graduating from college at the same rate as men and are working just as hard as men. However, the wage gap between men and women remains and nationally, women earn 77 cents for every $1 earned by men (Head, 2008). Thus, despite a sense of continued progress toward gender equality in the workplace the gap between men and women still persists. The significance of this research issue may reveal an underlying discrimination between the sexes that many may believe has narrowed. The importance in equality of gender pay is not only that it is the right thing to do, but an equitable and competitive pay package improves employee recruitment and retention.  This concept benefits both the employer and the employee, male or female. Nonetheless, as long as this gap remains the more likely this issue will provide a main source of debate among the organizational workforce. II. PROBLEM DEFINITION: The study, by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, found that 10 years after college, women earn only 69% of what men earn. (USA Today, 2007) Defining the problem starts with an examination of the evidence to determine how big the gap truly is and whether discrimination is to blame. Essential variables that may have an impact on male-female wage differential such as ethnic background, age, and industry will be measured. Our team will research and find out how big the gap is what could be the cause, factors such as: a). Hours of work- some tend to think that men are more likely to work longer hours. b). Education levels-some tend to think that men on average is higher qualified and women invest less in their education. c). Workforce participation and experience-industries tend to think that women spend less time at work because of their domestic responsibilities to their children and family. The majority of organizations assume that young women are going to leave the workforce when they have children, and therefore will not promote them. d). Why is there such a gap between the amount on a man’s paycheck compared to a woman’s? e). Occupation type- some think women are looking for an easy way out and they tend to seek out and cluster around a few occupations and industries because of the tastes of employers, male employees and customers. f). Are women given the same opportunities for advancement as men? Our team will investigate what percentage of these factors contributes to the difference in pay between these two genders and seek to find out if discrimination plays a part in this pay gap and will the gap disappear through educational achievements. Why do woman not have equal job opportunities? Jobs held by women pay less than jobs held by men, even though the job requires the same education and skills. A newly hired woman will get a lower paying assignment than a man who started working there the same time for the same employer. Not only that also, women do not receive the equal chances in promotions like men. Equal pay has been an issue for all working women for the past few decades. III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS While some studies may reflect a sense of continued progress towards gender equality in the workplace, the federal government currently confirms that the workplace earnings gap amongst men and women is still prevalent today (About Management.Com). It is the educated guess of this team that men are paid at a substantially increased rate for performance in positions than women are paid to operate in those same positions. This hypothesis is deducted from observations made from current work situations, random peer discussions, and updated articles. More than forty years after the Federal Equal Pay Act, hard working women are still being paid less than men are on the job. There are numerous speculations that can be made in an attempt to explain this is behavior, such as career selections being made by men and women. Women tend to make decisions about employment based on convenience, meaning that women migrate to positions that will allow for them to maintain a active home life and still maintain a 40 hour work week, whereas men will more than likely trade an active home life for longer work hours, safety risks, frequent travel, longer work hours and extended commuting times to make the higher pay. While these practices may not be fair, they are a reality. The research provided in this paper will lead to three possible outcomes; it will either prove that men are paid at higher rates than women to operate in the same or similar positions, women are paid at higher rates than men to operate in the same or similar position, or men and women break even when it comes to wages and position. References Head, Lauren Lawley. (2008, April 23). Pay Gap Worth Steaming Over: Bizwomen.com. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/index.php/2008/04/23/pay-gap-worth-steaming-over/ Coutts, Justin. (2004, February). Policy Backgrounder, Business Roundtable. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/policy/policy-2004/PB_No1.pdf Arndt, Bettina. (2006,October 16). Herald Sun.com. Why Men are paid More. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20586168-5000117,00.html

Business Communications Report Essay

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the importance of oral communications within the workplace, as well as to identify the aspects and skills that are valued within the workplace. This report will also give recommendations to the problems it highlights. 1. 2. 3 Questions * Is oral communication really a problem among graduates in the workplace? * Which aspects of oral communication are valued more within the workplace? * Which oral communication skills are lacking in graduates within the workplace? * What solutions could we recommend to the NUS management? 1. 3 Scope The ability to express ideas convincingly should therefore be an aspect to be focused on. 3. 4 Need for Clarity of Content The findings have made obvious that clear content is of high priority within the workplace. This oral communication skill is needed because the content is the crux of the message being sent to others and it needs to be clear and concise to avoid confusion. As such this oral communication skill should be focused on. 3. 5 Need for Confidence in Oral Communications The importance of this skill has been noted in the findings. This communication skill complements the other conclusions, as confidence is something that is required for all aspects of oral communications. Clearly, confidence is a skill that should be focused on. 4. Recommendations Based on the conclusions made above, this report recommends changing the NUS curriculum to involve more opportunities to practice oral communications skills, as well as to introduce a public forum, providing chances for all students to speak publicly more. 4. 1 Change in NUS Curriculum This proposal involves a tweaking of all modules in NUS to accommodate even more usage of oral communications skills than at current levels. For example, module marks could be adjusted to allow for more emphasis on presentations or interaction with the lecturer and the class. This would not only allow students to practice their oral communications as a whole, but also improve on specific aspects and skills, like their confidence and clarity. It is noted that this proposal would be difficult to implement and would also take time to adjust to for the entire university. However, this strategy would help all NUS students to improve their oral communications skills greatly over their time in NUS as they are encouraged to work on their oral communications. Thus this would be a long term solution for the problems stated above. 4. 2 Creating Student Forums The Management should also consider utilizing a key aspect of education in NUS: student life. Through providing a forum for students to speak up, especially about issues that the students have passion for, they will get more practice at oral communications. They would also debate and discuss among themselves about such issues, further boosting their proficiency in key skills like being convincing in oral communications. This suggestion does have certain drawbacks, like difficulty in implementing instantly as students are not used to it. However, over time, and with proper promotion and support from student leaders, it could be a good avenue for students to air their views and practice their oral communications skills at the same time.

The Doctrine of Containment

The Doctrine of Containment Free Online Research Papers The Doctrine of Containment is a policy that incorporates both military and economic action to prevent the spread of communism. In the case of the United States, the policy of containment was used to eliminate the diplomatic and political policies that were in favor of the communist practices. The Doctrine of Containment was adopted by the United States in order to keep those forms of government from spreading to non-communist countries. The article, â€Å"The Sources of Soviet Conduct†, by George Kennan suggests that the Soviet Union be â€Å"contained† and its system would ultimately collapse by the nature of its own inefficiencies. This containment would allow for the United States and its allies to not have the need to go on the offensive or to plan for an inevitable war. The rise of containment came about from fear of the â€Å"domino theory† which states that if one region fell into communist practices, that all surrounding regions would adopt the same policies. According to the United States, containment was the answer in how to prevent the spread of communism. Containment allowed the United States to make a political statement towards an opposing nati on with the threat of surrounding military action and economic support toward the threatened regions. Ultimately, the doctrine of containment was effective in aiding the United States foreign policy against the spread of the communist practices. The reason for the United States invading Vietnam was the fear of communism that seemed to be spreading throughout the world. Vietnam, because of the Geneva Convention was divided into two regions; the North and the South, in which the North was under communist rule. Many believe that the United States Foreign Policy was correct in showing its global importance but many others believe that it was one of the greatest and biggest mistakes in history. The U.S. feared that if South Vietnam fell under communist rule that it would lead to an outburst of communism throughout the rest of the world. The strengths of the containment doctrine during the Vietnam War was actually having our U.S. troops go into the unknown grounds of Vietnam and contribute to stopping the spread of communism throughout surrounding countries. Although our military was terribly defeated in Vietnam and some thought that we had no justification of war in that country, we entered Vietnam as part of the Containment Doct rine. The Containment Doctrine was to stop this expansion of Soviet Power by combating Soviet methods by our own intelligence operations, providing aid to existing governments, and directly involving our troops in a war on unfamiliar grounds. Our main weakness in Vietnam was that it was a major defeat against the United States, leading many other nations in the world to conclude that the United States was an unreliable ally and this damaged U.S. interest’s world-wide and gained popular movement to communism, in which we feared. The division point, isolationism was the dominant ideology that guided American foreign policy. Isolationism is a national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries. It was favored by most Americans for their non-involvement with other countries and others foreign affairs. This, in particular was used toward the president from Americans that had concern with being involved with foreign countries and to refrain from intervention in old world affairs. The United States was practicing isolationism until the fall of France in 1940 and the attack on Pearl Harbor that following year. As a result of the fear that arose from what had happened, The America First Committee was formed, which led to interventionism. The Cold War affected American Foreign Policy in one division point such as interventionism (globalism). Interventionism referred to whether or not the United States should have a place or a standing in other countries affairs. The United States had an idea that we should not get involved with other countries and we should keep to ourselves and stay out of situations that have nothing to do with us. The United States also stood strong in believing that the only type of communication with other countries be specifically for trade purposes only but have entangling alliances with none. This goes back to not getting involved if it has nothing to do with us. Interventionism is a policy or practice of intervening in the affairs of another sovereign state. The United States saw the importance of working to become friends and allies with other countries in making it easier for others to work with us rather than against us. The realist views overpowered throughout most of the Cold War. They believed that their allies were anti-communists countries and other countries that were communist were considered to be enemies. The realism aspect of it all is that by maximizing our own power we will be the focus and ignore others internal affairs. Realism is the idea that international relations is the primacy of power and for us to survive and maintain our political independence we must maintain our territorial integrity. This aspect is also important when speaking in terms of idealism, in order to maintain support from other countries and this too is an advantage. Idealists argued that the United States primary emphasis be focused on American values and that their allies should enforce similar democratic practices and this would promote anti-comm unists goals more effectively. Idealism is no better than realism and realism is no better than idealism, in the end it all depends on the situation and American values. One major impact that the Cold War had upon American politics was the way that it affected our government in a negative way. Throughout the Cold War the United States and the American people fought efforts to end the talk of global nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1984 and 1985, the Americans insisted that President Reagan back away from the Soviet Union and make a commitment to negotiate and put an end to this dangerous global war that had now existed for half of a century. In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became President of the Soviet Union and realized that his country could no longer afford to compete with the United States. In 1986, Gorbachev arranged a meeting with President Reagan in Iceland and they discussed a proposal. The proposal was: The Soviet Union would destroy all of its nuclear weapons if the United States would agree to do the same and also agree to not go ahead with its Star Wars program. The Star Wars program was designed to protect the United States from future attacks by nuclear missiles. President Reagan left Iceland and returned to the United States after rejecting to the proposed agreement. Reagan realized that the United States could not afford to give up its nuclear arsenal and had to protect its global interest. In 1986, when Americans discovered that it was indeed the Soviet Union that was more committed to the disarmament of nuclear weapons than the United States, more problems arose for Reagan. He referred to the Soviet Union as â€Å"the evil empire†, and they were actually the ones that took the initiative to reduce the threat of nuclear war. As a result of Reagan’s failure to inform the American people that the Soviet’s did indeed make a proposal and effort to have peace with the United States and put an end to the Cold War, many Americans lost faith in their government. In the end, the United States government was mirroring the Soviet Union by acting as a communist country in more ways than one. It is no surprise to me that more people vote for their leaders throughout Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union than they do in the United States. Voting is a crucial aspect in a democratic society and has a major impact on the American political system today. Research Papers on The Doctrine of ContainmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Writing Tips Percent, Per Cent and Percentages - Get Proofed!

Writing Tips Percent, Per Cent and Percentages - Get Proofed! Percent, Per Cent and Percentages We’ve been told that putting 110% into anything is mathematically impossible. But we’re proofreaders, not mathematicians! As such, we’re not going to let math get in the way of putting everything we have into solving your writing problems. Today, for example, we’re looking at writing percentages. Words and Numbers As with any numbers, percentages can be written as either words or numbers: Words: Around nine percent of people dislike coffee. Numbers: Approximately 91% of people like coffee. The examples above reflect three important guidelines when writing percentages: Numbers up to ten are usually written as words, while larger numbers are written as numerals When a percentage is written as a word, it should be followed by â€Å"percent† When a percentage is written as a numeral, it should be followed by the â€Å"%† sign However, this can vary depending on the context (e.g., measurements in scientific writing are almost always written as numerals, even for numbers under ten). It’s therefore a good idea to check your style guide for advice on how to write percentages. Percent vs. Per Cent The question we’re asked most often about writing percentages is whether to use â€Å"percent† or â€Å"per cent.† Ultimately, though, this doesn’t really matter: both are accepted spellings of this term. Again, we recommend checking your style guide if you have one, as some publishers and colleges have a preference. And â€Å"percent† is much more common these days than â€Å"per cent.† But other than that, the main thing is picking one spelling and using it consistently throughout your work. Percent vs. per cent When to Use â€Å"Percentage† Finally, we have the word â€Å"percentage.† Although similar to â€Å"percent,† this word has a slightly different usage: â€Å"Percent† is used with specific numbers, while â€Å"percentage† is used when referring to a general or non-specific amount of something. For example: A small percentage of the forms were coffee stained. Almost seven percent of the forms were coffee stained. As shown above, you should use â€Å"percentage† when the exact amount is unspecified.

Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Business Law - Assignment Example It becomes a parole because it was an oral agreement made before the final written contract was made. I therefore agree with the court for rejecting Canopy’s evidence. It is against the principles of parole evidence rule which categorically states that there should not be a parole to a written contract. Meaning, evidence made prior to a written contract ca not be accepted for consideration in case of a dispute. It is therefore appropriate for the court to make such a decision it is in compliance with the law. Apart from being oral evidence made prior to the actual contract, it contains evidence which contradicts the written contract itself. Despite Canopy not being a party to the written contract, it went ahead to give this evidence. This is uncalled for and should not be entertained. Instead, the court should go ahead to consider the case filed by Novell Inc to protest against the deductions made by Canopy because it breaches its contract with Caldera

Exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam 2 - Essay Example This particular approach is useful to understand due to fact that it has often been referred to as the primal case of the ends justifying the means. This is of course due to the fact that happiness or utility cannot be determined until the action or actions that are intended to evoke such a utility had been performed and can be measured. Many within the field of philosophy have noted that utilitarianism, perhaps more than any other approach, is quantitative and can oftentimes be referred to as reductionist with regards to its approach. This is due to the fact that the ends – means approach requires the individual to be completely and entirely cognizant of the fact that utilitarianism, if used as an overarching theory, must necessarily factor in all of the preceding actions and determinants that lead to whatever utilitarianism does in question. The ongoing debate then necessarily hinges upon the degree of inference and emphasis which should be placed upon the consequences of th e determinant actions that yield the end result. Similarly, with regards to John Stuart Mill’s quote, â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a full satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the questions. The other party to the comparison knows both sides†, the reader can note the utilitarian concept being utilized with respect to the way in which Mill views the ultimate end. Whereas it is previously been discussed that happiness fulfills the ultimate end of utilitarianism, according to mills quote, the reader can understand that the true end that she seeks to remote is awareness and intellect. Accordingly, he compares and contrasts the utility of being satisfied versus unsatisfied, the utility of being a man or a pig, and lastly the utility and overall importance of opinion. 2 According to Kant’s theory of retributiv ism, this is an approach that society should take with regards to its response to crime. According to Kant, the theory places punishment proportionate to the crime. Although this may not seem as an earth shattering theory, this is only due to the fact that the current criminal justice system seeks to integrate a very large degree of Kant’s theory of retributivism into the way in which crime is currently punished. Ultimately, the theory is predicated upon the understanding of forfeiture. Accordingly, this forfeiture is most commonly understood with regards to the freedom of mobility for life that is sometimes required of the convicted. Furthermore, the reader can and should understand that Kant’s understanding of retributivism bears a direct correlation to the common expression †let the punishment that the crime†. In such a way, Kant sought to remove the level of emotional response/knee jerk reaction that is so oftentimes the response to crime and punishment within society. Although it may be tempting to assume that Kant was the first to put forward such a theory, the fact of the matter is is that he was merely the first to define it with an identifiable term. Ultimately, this fear he can be traced all the way back to the biblical interpretation of â€Å"life for life, eye for eye† etc. at its very core, this theory of retributivism engenders a degree of proportionality. As such, it is the responsibility of the punishing entity to ensure that the punishment for the crime is proportionate to the offending behavior that precipitated it. Naturally, such

Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Assignments - Assignment Example TCP pesticide and other chemicals that may be harmful to both humans and animals within the environment and the impact of human activity in Soian River. While the TCP chemical helps in increasing farm produce in Lamar, it leads to respiratory diseases. The chemical should be banned in the region and other environment friendly pesticides used to boost agriculture. Human activities such as generation of hydroelectric power and creating dams along Soian River are good for the countries but will not be sustainable in to the future because they affect aquatic life. These human activities have affected lives of Red Cranes and Trout in the river. Any move to regulate on these issues is likely to encounter resistance from the states. States that have projects such as power generation, dams, or even extensive use of TCP will reject regulation. The most important idea, however, is that while all these human activities are beneficial today, they are not sustainable in the end. The states should use a gradual approach to regulate these issues. The treaty should outline structures for dealing with agricultural chemicals that are harmful to both people and animals as well as putting forward steps that will be taken to reduce human activity in the river over an agreed period. There should be intense lobbying to convince each state that environmental issues are of great priority and should be addressed objectively (Ferrey

Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace

Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace In this project I will discuss in details the applications of engineering materials in Engineering and its many application in the Aerospace and Formula 1. Materials are key in engineering because the correct materials are needed to meet the needed of the environment that they are meant for use in. In aerospace the materials that are generally used are thing such as: titanium, aluminium, carbon fibre. For example titanium and titanium alloys are used in aerospace engine combustion chamber which can be in the region of 2000C in some instances. Application of materials in Formula 1 Formula 1 is a motor racing category in which the cars can reach extremely high straight line speed and cornering speeds. For them to be able to reach to be able to reach such high speeds and operate in such conditions, the cars much be built from extremely light and strong materials such as carbon fibre and titanium. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer is used extensively in high-end automobile racing .The high cost of carbon fiber is mitigated by the materials unsurpassed strength-to-weight ratio, and low weight is essential for high-performance automobile racing. Race-car manufacturers have also developed methods to give carbon fiber pieces strength in a certain direction, making it strong in a load-bearing direction, but weak in directions where little or no load would be placed on the member. Materials such as titanium are also used a lot throughout a formula one engine because of the fact that it is extremely strong and light which allows it the engine to operate at extreme engine speeds such as 20000RPM for a sustained period of time without resulting in engine failure. A material called Inconel is used in the construction of the cars exhaust pipe because of its ability to hold its shape and continue to work as in intended at high temperatures in the region of 900-1000 C . Quite often in formula the rule makers often dictate what materials are permissible in the construction in various parts of the car and what materials are forbidden. This often due to trying to stop the teams from using very expensive materials in the development of the cars, which would send spending sky high. Materials such as beryllium alloys where banned in the use of the construction of the engine as a cost cutting measure. When with the FIA, the regulators of the sport, top teams with big budget s quite easily end up spending in the region of  £250 million a year on the development of the car. The chassis of the car also knows as the monocoque because of how it’s constructed as one piece. The chassis of the car is also sometime referred to as the â€Å"survival cell† because it has been designed to cocoon the driver in the event of crash and protect them from injury. The chassis also has to be very light as well so that it is possible to reach highest possible acceleration which gives the teams a possible advantage over their rivals. Another reason for a strong chassis in grand prix racing is that the chassis is also used as mounting point for the engine and the gearbox. The reason this is done again to save as much weight as possible whilst maximizing the structural integrity of the car. The material that can do all then things is carbon fiber which was first used in formula 1 when a British engineer called John Barnard built the McLaren MP4-1 chassis from carbon fiber. The material should just how strong it when McLaren driver John Watson had a heavy crash at the Italian grand prix at the Monza circuit , and managed to get out without any major injuries. The car did go to win 6 grand Prix because it was significantly ahead of its rivals in terms of the materials used in its construction which gave it huge advantage over the rest of the field considering that this versatile and super strong was introduced in 1983. Limitations and recyclability of the materials used in Formula 1 and that The limitations of many of the materials is that that most of it is very expensive because of the nature of the materials which puts allot of strain on the smaller teams with smaller budgets especially since 60% of the car is constructed from carbon fibre. Carbon fibre is a recyclable material but the problem with it is that the more it is recycled the more of its structural integrity it losses, like plastic, and therefore the quality of it goes down significantly which means that it can only be used for things such as road paving fillers. The metal parts of the car such as the cars such as the car’s engine and internal parts of the gearbox, such as the gear ratio, gear forks and the main shaft, can all be very easily recycled without the loss of the strength or quality of the material. Materials such as titanium and steel alloyed which are used for internal parts of the gearbox and also the engines major castings ( cylinder heads , crankshaft, engine block , camshafts) can be melted down and made back into gear ratio or many other things such as aerospace quality components which are found in aircraft fuselage or deep within the engines. Material applications in the Aerospace Industry Material research, development and application are absolutely vital in the aerospace industry because through the development of materials that planes are flying higher, faster and safer than ever before. Through the use of ultra light and ultra strong materials such as GLARE (Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy). GLARE is a Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy FML, composed of several very thin layers of metal (usually aluminum) interspersed with layers of glass-fiber pre-peg, bonded together with a matrix such as epoxy. The uni-directional pre-preg layers may be aligned in different directions to suit the predicted stress conditions. Although GLARE is a composite material, [1] its material properties and fabrication are very similar to bulk aluminum metal sheets. It has far less in common with composite structures when it comes to design, manufacture, inspection or maintenance. GLARE parts are constructed and repaired using mostly conventional metal material techniques. With the application of such materials in aerospace, it has allowed engineers to create bigger planes which are also very economical at the same time. the use of fatigue resistant materials such as GLARE and carbon fibre also reduce maintenance of aircraft because they don’t need to be checked for cracks as often as planes which are made from aluminium and aluminium alloys. Which are plane from aluminium are more prone to what is known as â€Å"metal fatigue†. Metal fatigue happens as a result of continuous loading from the years of pressurisation cycles that a plane goes when it increases and decreases in altitude. Many aerospace companies such Rolls Royce have an in-house material science research department which spend millions of pounds in research with the hope that it will lead to better quality materials which will be able to function correctly in extreme environments such within the core of a high bypass turbo fan engine, where the temperatures can be in excess of 2000C. The materials are used for this are usually titanium alloys because of its ability to stay in its original shape. If you look closely at the picture of the turbine blade bellow , it can be observed that many small holes have been very precisely drilled in and this is to aid the cooling of the blade and stop in from melting and ultimately causing an entire engine failure. Another reason why such ultra light materials are used is because, the engineers want to minimize the mass of the components as much as possible because this reduces the inertia of the part and this will result in better response time from the engine ,wh en the pilots engine increase power to the engine. Lighter components also reduce the fuel consumption of and the engine which is especially important considering the fuel prices as they continue to rise. This is something that airlines will pay extra close attention to because they are always looking to minimize their cost to increase their profits, this is especially important at the moment give the current state of the global economy. Materials in aerospace are also select for their ability to be able to absorb tremendous amounts of energy from unlikely event of an engine failure or an uncontrolled explosion of some sort. Aerospace engine manufacture such as Rolls Royce and General Electric also take the extra step of detonating a fan blade to see whether the engines fan case absorb and contain the impact and to stop parts of the engine escaping and causing further impact to the aircraft. Manufacturers often spend as much as $30 million on this test, at there on expense to prove to potential passengers and airline customers that the engine is truly safe and air worthy.

Asthma Essay -- Science Scientific Research Essays

Asthma Breathing is a vital process for every human. Normal breathing is practically effortless for most people, but those with asthma face a great challenge. During an asthma attack, breathing is hampered, making it difficult or even impossible for air to flow through the lungs. Asthma is an increasingly common problem, and has become the most common chronic childhood disease. At least 17 million Americans suffer from it(1), and although it can be fatal, it is usually not that severe(4). There is no cure for asthma, but with proper care, it can usually be controlled. As someone with Exercise Induced Asthma, I have personal experience with the topic. I have experienced most of the symptoms described in my research, tried many of the medicines, and have my asthma under control. This essay will first discuss the normal function of the lungs, and then proceed to explain how this is effected by asthma. The causes of the disease and the ways of controlling it will follow. Normal breathing is controlled by the lungs and the chest cavity. Airways are tubes with muscle that contracts and relaxes wrapped around them, and this accounts for the motion of the chest that is associated with breathing. The diaphragm, which is located underneath the rib cage, along with the intercostal muscles, or those in between the ribs, control the movement of the chest cavity(6). When these muscles contract, the chest expands, which lowers the pressure inside the lungs. Since air moves naturally from high to low pressure, the lungs are automatically inflated. In order to exhale, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to become smaller. The decrease in volume causes the pressure in the lungs to go... ...pl/display.cfm?id=2⊂=32#1 4)Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Online,Taking Control http://allergy.mcg.edu/patients/control.htm 5)Children's Medical Center of UVA, How Attacks Happen http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pediatrics/patients/tutorials/asthma/whydoes.htm 6)Marshall Brain's How Stuff Works Site, Lungs http://www.howstuffworks.com/lung1.htm 7) Marshall Brain's How Stuff Works Site , Lungs Continued http://www.howstuffworks.com/lung2.htm 8)American Lung Association, Five Asthma Medication Groups http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22542 9)National Jewish Medical and Research Center , Exercise Induced Asthma http://www.nationaljewish.org/error.aspx?type=404 10) Children’s Medical Center of UVA , Treating Asthma http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/pediatrics/patients/tutorials/asthma/treat.htm

Labor Relations,Employee Relations and Global HR

1. Define Job Stress, Burnout and Depression. Job stress is a type of stress that is work-related.   The pressure at work, the challenges and the obstacles that are facing employees each day can result to negative physical and physiological responses. Burnout is a term used to describe the onset of exhaustion after experiencing long-term stress.   This results from being constantly exposed to stressors at work without getting the system a chance to fully recover from adrenaline surges. Depression is characterized by low mood, lack of interest in usual things that excites the person, and lesser capacity to experience pleasure.   This condition is not alarming when it's not pervasive, otherwise, it becomes a psychiatric problem that needs professional attention. Depression can have serious effects on a person's personal life and work. 2. Explain how you would reduce stress at work. Stress impacts our thoughts, emotions, and behavior in a number of ways.   In the workplace, stress makes a person less productive and difficult to deal with. In order to reduce stress at work, a person has to recognize when he or she is experiencing it.   Some of the symptoms and signs of stress are lack of focus, moodiness, depression, and muscle tension, among others. Once a person accepts that he is experiencing stress, the next step is for him to identify what are stressing him at work.   By knowing the stressors, it will be easier for the person to deal with them.   For instance, if an employee doesn't like his job anymore, he can began scouting for other job opportunities in other companies. In most cases, however, a person does not really know what's stressing him at work.   With all the things he needs to face in the office, it would be confusing for him to exactly point out what are causing him stress.   If this were the case, the first thing that the worker needs to do is to take a break and stop working for a few days.   Distancing himself from the entire organization will give him a breathing space and a chance to slow down.   Vacationing to a warm place where there is sand and sea often does wonder to a tired mind and body. 3. Why you believe this approach would be successful. I believe that taking a long vacation would be successful because many people I have talked to have done this.   They always make it a point to go away for a few days every year in order to de-stress and slow down.   After the vacation, the employee is normally back to his old self, ready to face the daily grind at work. If a person who is constantly stressed at work does not give himself the chance to recover, the most likely thing that will happen to him is to feel burnout in the long run.   Rest and relaxation ensures that a person's mind and body will experience rejuvenation before joining the rat race once more. On another note, when stressors are identified and dealt with, the employee's worries and concerns would probably be over.   Say for example that an employee's co-worker is harassing him.   This attitude is causing the person stress.   So long as he doesn't do anything about it, he would continue to feel violated by the harassment he is receiving.  Ã‚   If he brings it out in the open and talks to the right persons, then the harassment would stop and the harassed person will be able to work more comfortably. References Depression.com Home Page.   Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.depression.com/ â€Å"Preventing Burnout: Signs, Symptoms, and Strategies to Avoid It.† Helpguide.org Home Page. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/burnout_signs_symptoms.htm â€Å"Understanding Stress: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Effects.†Ã‚   Helpguide.org Home Page. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm      

Playboy of the Western World

The Playboy of the Western World gains its title from the scene in which Christy can't be beaten in play at any of the village sports, hence he becomes the â€Å"playboy. † The phrase â€Å"of the Western World† leads the way into Synge's theme of Irish mythmaking, then still especially noticeable in unsophisticated peasant groups. With the inclusion of this phrase, the myth of the playboy encompasses the whole world. Mythmaking deviates from reality, as is made clear by the stretch of the title: Irish village game championship can't possibly trump an entire world of athletes. Synge isn't discussing a universal theme but rather exposing a particularly Irish theme, that of mythmaking. The play opened in January of 1907 at Yeats's Irish Literary Theatre to outraged indignation and riots but over the course of the twentieth century has gained ever greater currency among critics. Had Yeats not held a public debate on the concept of artistic freedom, The Playboy may have died an ignoble death. As it happens, though, the play has by later critics been called â€Å"the most rich and copious store of character since Shakespeare’’ (P. P. Howe) and a play â€Å"riotous with the quick rush of life, a tempest of the passions† (Charles A. Bennett). These seem to be the reasons that The Playboy of the Western World has current appeal. Whereas original audiences cared about morality and decorous representations of peoples and countries, the increasing and ever increasing reach for realism, ethnic diversity and authentic representations has brought The Playboy into vogue because it was the avant garde and the precursor of what is presently valued and sought after: unveiled realism. Incidentally, one might argue that this unveiled realism, which is the idol of the present milieu, has been carried so far that â€Å"realism† is now a fancy in that it is a reality beyond reality and that it carries such clout that it is creating new reality (of questionable benefit) in its wake, which is a divergent reality from the realism that Synge depicted after living with, studying and capturing in three acts the cultural and psychological realities on the Aran Islands, from which he derived The Playboy of the Western World.